Synthesis of 2,7‐Carbazolenevinylene‐Based Copolymers and Characterization of Their Photovoltaic Properties

New electroactive and photoactive conjugated copolymers consisting of alternating 2,7‐carbazole and oligothiophene moieties linked by vinylene groups have been developed. Different oligothiophene units have been introduced to study the relationship between the polymer structure and the electronic properties. The resulting copolymers are characterized by UV‐vis spectroscopy, size‐exclusion chromatography, and thermal and electrochemical analyses. Bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells from different copolymers and a soluble fullerene derivative, [6,6]‐phenyl‐C₆₁ butyric acid methyl ester, have been fabricated, and promising preliminary results are obtained. For instance, non‐optimized devices using poly(N‐(4‐octyloxyphenyl)‐2,7‐carbazolenevinylene‐alt‐3″,4″‐dihexyl‐2,2′;5′,2″;5″,2″′;5″′,2″″‐quinquethiophenevinylene 1″,1″‐dioxide) as an absorbing and hole‐carrier semiconductor exhibit power conversion efficiency up to 0.8 % under air mass (AM) 1.5 illumination. These features make 2,7‐carbazolenevinylene‐based and related polymers attractive candidates for solar‐cell applications.     

Automatic fog detection and estimation of visibility distance through use of an onboard camera

In this paper, we will present a technique for measuring visibility distances under foggy weather conditions using a camera mounted onboard a moving vehicle. Our research has focused in particular on the problem of detecting daytime fog and estimating visibility distances; thanks to these efforts, an original method has been developed, tested and patented. The approach consists of dynamically implementing Koschmieder's law. Our method enables computing the meteorological visibility distance, a measure defined by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) as the distance beyond which a black object of an appropriate dimension is perceived with a contrast of less than 5%. Our proposed solution is an original one, featuring the advantage of utilizing a single camera and necessitating the presence of just the road and sky in the scene. As opposed to other methods that require the explicit extraction of the road, this method offers fewer constraints by virtue of being applicable with no more than the extraction of a homogeneous surface containing a portion of the road and sky within the image. This image preprocessing also serves to identify the level of compatibility of the processed image with the set of Koschmieder's model hypotheses. Nicolas Hautiére graduated from the École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État, France (2002). He received his M.S. and Ph.D. degree in computer vision, respectively, in 2002 and 2005 from Saint-Étienne University (France). From 2002, he is a researcher in the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC), Paris, France. His research interests include trafic engineering, computer vision, and pattern recognition. Jean-Philippe Tarel graduated from the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, France (1991). He received his Ph.D. degree in Applied Mathematics from Paris IX-Dauphine University in 1996 and he was with the Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique (INRIA) from 1991 to 1996. From 1997 to 1998, he was a research associate at Brown University, USA. From 1999, he is a researcher in the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC), Paris, France, and from 2001 to 2003 in the INRIA. His research interests include computer vision, pattern recognition, and shape modeling. Jean Lavenant graduated from the École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État, Lyon, France (2001). He received the M.S. degree in Computer Vision from Jean Monnet university of Saint-Étienne in 2001. In 2001, he was a researcher in the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC). In 2002, he was a system engineer in Chicago (USA). He is currently an engineer for the french ministry of transports. Didier Aubert received the M.S. and Ph.D. degree, respectively, in 1985 and 1989 from the National Polytechnical Institut of Grenoble (INPG). From 1989--1990, he worked as a research scientist on the development of an automatic road following system for the NAVLAB at Carnegie Mellon University. From 1990–1994, he worked in the research department of a private company (ITMI). During this period he was the project leader of several projects dealing with computer vision. He is currently a researcher at INRETS since 1995 and works on Road traffic measurements, crowd monitoring, automated highway systems, and driving assistance systems for vehicles. He is an image processing expert for several companies, teaches at Universities (Paris VI, Paris XI, ENPC, ENST) and is at the editorial board of RTS (Research - Transport - Safety).     

基于有限体积法及FDS格式的感潮河段二维泥沙冲淤模型

本文以木兰溪下游裁弯河段为例，建立了有限体积法的水平二维非恒定流均匀沙不平衡输移计算模型。采用黎曼近似解通量差分裂(FDS)格式计算通过各单元边的水流、含沙量法向数值通量，并应用相关的悬移质、推移质河床变形计算公式计算冲淤变化。数值模型经相应的河工模型试验资料率定、检验后，预测了裁弯工程建成后河道可能的冲淤变化，为工程设计和施工提供依据。     

大位移水平井两层不稳定岩屑传输模型研究

本文在Martins提出的两层模型基础上．考虑了悬浮层岩屑颗粒的扩散，建立了与时间相关的两层不稳定岩屑传输数学模型。用有限容积法求解了此偏微分方程组。研究结果表明：在一定条件下，环空岩屑传输流动达到稳定状态需要很长的时间，这表明用稳定流动模型来模拟环空中岩屑传输问题有其局限性；粘度的增加、环空返速的提高和机械钻速的降低有助于水平环空中岩屑的传输。     

钱宁生平和他的《泥沙运动力学》

本文简要介绍了钱宁从事泥沙研究事业的一生及其主要成就；对《泥沙运动力学》一书进行了评述，并分章扼要说明及主要内容。与此同时，说明了作者对泥沙研究一些问题的观点。     

黄河河口水沙运动的二维数学模型

本文针对黄河河口河道水沙潮波的特点，从水流连续方程、运动方程，泥沙运动方程出发，补充了潮流挟沙能力的计算公式，建立了黄河河道河口二维数学模型。以1982年实测资料，从潮位过程、流速大小和方向及海底冲淤变形等方面对数学模型进行了验证计算。在此基础上开展了典型水沙条件下黄河河口泥沙运动规律的模拟研究。其结果揭示了黄河河口清水沟所处海域的潮流潮汐特性和泥沙输移规律。这些成果与实测资料以及卫星遥感分析结果一致，进一步表明了模型的可靠性。     

不流动水对黄土包气带溶质运移影响的实验研究

本文利用自动控制负压方法进行了非饱和条件下的黄土不流动水溶质运移实验，并用MIENESOR模型及其计算机程序模拟了该实验，得到不流动含水量比例系数为0.47、流动水与不流动水之间的浓度传输率为0.003/d。参数的灵敏度分析表明：同样条件下，不流动含水量比例系数最敏感，其值越大，溶质迁移越快；流动水与不流动水之间的浓度传输率影响溶质穿透曲线的峰位，其值越大，峰位越低。在研究黄土包气带污染质运移时，应密切关注这两个参数。     

促进传递型支撑液膜分离有机溶剂的研究进展

促进传递型支撑液膜 (FTSLM )具有高通量和高选择性的特点 ,对分离废液、废气中的少量污染性有机物有独特的优势。概述了FTSLM的特点和促进传递的基本原理 ,介绍了FTSLM在有机物分离领域中的应用 ,讨论了制约FTSLM工业化应用的瓶颈问题和解决途径 ,展望FTSLM的发展和未来的研究趋势。指出FTSLM和其它膜过程结合 ,如渗透汽化或蒸汽渗透等 ,能够强化有机物分离过程     

论黄河干支流悬移质粒径与含沙量关系

黄河干支流资料表明，河流中悬移质泥沙粗细的变化既有随着含沙量的增加而变粗的，也有随着含沙量的增加而变细的。本文分析了黄河干支流泥沙粒径与含沙量关系的不同资料，提出了较大含沙量情况下泥沙粒径与含沙量的统计关系，解析和讨论了所推导出的悬移质泥沙粒径与含沙量的关系。     

蕉门口发育演变及其对南沙港的影响

运用历史地图对比分析方法，探讨蕉门的发育演变规律及其趋势；通过分析水文同步观测资料及海底表层沉积物粒度资料，了解南沙港区泥沙分布及运动规律。在此基础上分析蕉门演变对南沙港环境泥沙的影响。分析认为，蕉门分流河口发育为一主一支的格局是自然演变的结果，这一格局对南沙建港是有利的，应加以保护利用。